The Enlightenment (17th–18th centuries) marked a pivotal shift in Western thought. It emphasized reason, science, and skepticism toward traditional beliefs. This included skepticism toward the supernatural. This era fostered critical examination of previously accepted notions. It led to significant changes in societal attitudes toward the paranormal.
1. The Rise of Skepticism
Science and Rational Thought: Enlightenment thinkers like Isaac Newton and Galileo Galilei advanced scientific understanding. They used observation and experimentation. This provided natural explanations for phenomena once deemed supernatural. This rational approach diminished the credibility of superstitions and mystical interpretations.
Criticism of Superstition: Philosophers such as Voltaire and David Hume critiqued superstitions and the belief in miracles. They argued that these lacked empirical evidence. They saw them as remnants of an unenlightened past. Hume’s essay “Of Miracles” contended that miracles were improbable. He also stated they often resulted from human error or deception.
2. Decline of Witch Hunts
End of Persecution: The late 17th century saw a decline in witch hunts across Europe. This was influenced by growing skepticism about witchcraft accusations. Demands for concrete evidence in legal proceedings also played a role. This shift reflected a broader move toward rationality. It also moved away from fear-driven persecutions.
Scientific Explanations: Advancements in medicine and psychology began to explain conditions like epilepsy and mental illness. People had previously attributed these to demonic possession or witchcraft. This reduced the impetus for witch hunts.
3. The Paranormal in Philosophy
Rationalism vs. Empiricism: Philosophical debates during the Enlightenment examined the nature of reality and human understanding. While many philosophers rejected paranormal phenomena, some acknowledged the limitations of human perception. This suggested that certain aspects of existence might remain unexplained.
Deism and the Supernatural: Deism emerged. It posited a Creator who established natural laws. This Creator did not intervene in daily life. This minimized the role of the supernatural in human affairs.
4. Continued Interest in the Occult
Alchemy and Astrology: Despite the rise of scientific reasoning, practices like alchemy and astrology persisted. Notably, Isaac Newton engaged in alchemical research. This illustrated that interest in the occult coexisted with scientific pursuits.
Freemasonry and Secret Societies: Organizations such as the Freemasons incorporated esoteric rituals and symbols. This reflected an ongoing fascination with hidden knowledge and the supernatural.
Interest in Ghosts: Ghost stories and hauntings remained popular. They blended entertainment with lingering superstitions.
5. Emergence of Paranormal Investigations
Early Scientific Approaches: The Enlightenment laid the groundwork for systematic investigations into paranormal claims. People employed reason and methodology. This was to explore phenomena like hauntings and psychic abilities.
Literary Influence: Gothic literature, emerging in the late 18th century, reintroduced supernatural themes. This reflected society’s complex relationship with reason and the mysterious.
6. Key Figures and Their Impact
David Hume (1711–1776): In “Of Miracles,” Hume argued against the likelihood of miracles. He emphasized the need for empirical evidence.
Voltaire (1694–1778): A critic of superstition and organized religion, Voltaire challenged paranormal beliefs. He used satire and philosophical discourse.
Isaac Newton (1643–1727): Renowned for his scientific contributions, Newton’s engagement with alchemy is notable. It highlights the era’s complex interplay between science and the occult.
7. Transition to the Modern Era
Scientific Revolution: The Enlightenment set the stage for the 19th-century scientific revolution. This further demystified natural phenomena. It also marginalized paranormal beliefs.
Romantic Reaction: The Romantic movement arose as a counterpoint to Enlightenment rationalism. It embraced emotion, mystery, and the supernatural. This led to a resurgence of interest in paranormal themes.
In summary, the Enlightenment fostered a critical examination of paranormal beliefs. It promoted reason and scientific inquiry. It also acknowledged the enduring human fascination with the mysterious and unexplained.